While Craigslist can offer some legitimate housing rental listings, its open nature makes it a hotbed for scammers, especially when targeting vulnerable groups like low-income families or those with poor credit. 

These scammers are sneaky… and clever… and know exactly what they are doing to steal money from unsuspecting victims. This guide covers the most common Craigslist housing rental scams and offers tips to protect yourself from falling victim to rental fraud.

Common Craigslist housing rental scams

• Copycat apartment rental scams
• The house that’s not even for rent scam
• “Free” house scams
• The “rent to own” scam
• Section 8 and low-income housing scams
• Sublet scams
• Rental application scams
• Roommate scams
• Short-term rental scams

How to spot a scammer on Craigslist

1. Prices are too good to be true
2. Requests for money upfront
3. Typos, poor grammar, and excessive punctuation in listings
4. High pressure
5. Photos appear in other listings
6. Lister won’t schedule a showing
7. There is no tenant screening process
8. Lister refuses to answer basic questions or speak on the phone
9. The credit check is “free”
10. You can’t verify the lister’s identity
11. Unsecured payment methods

Scammed by a Craigslist rental ad? What to do

Alternatives to Craigslist for affordable housing

• Working with a housing counselor
• National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC)
• Apartments.com
• Zillow

The bottom line: are Craigslist apartments legit?

Common Craigslist housing rental scams

Here are some of the common scams that you might see on Craigslist. It’s essential to be aware of these, as they are more prevalent than you might think. According to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), in 2023 alone, 9,521 people reported losing $145,243,348 due to online rental scams.¹

Copycat apartment rental scams

The apartment rental scammer copies postings from legitimate real estate websites and posts them on Craigslist after slightly altering them, usually featuring an unbelievably great price. They will have photos of an adorable place with the desired amenities. The goal is to get you to pay a rental application fee and/or security deposit without showing you the apartment. 

Kevin Vitali, a seasoned Massachusetts realtor, is too familiar with this scam. “In the past, I have had Craigslist scammers stealing listing photos of a house I have had for sale online to use as a fake rental. This has happened many times over an 18+ year career as a listing agent,” he writes on his real estate website.²

Hawkins has experienced this scam firsthand, when a family member shared a listing they were interested in with her. “ The price was way below market rate for the neighborhood, which raised a red flag,” she shares. “I was able to do research and find the legitimate listing which had been duplicated.”

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Red Flags:

• The rent is much lower than market rates.
• You Google and find that ads come up for the same address, but with a different owner or rental company name. Per the FTC, that’s a clear sign you’re looking at a scam.³

Victim of Craigslist Apartment Scam
byu/BrooklynMaddie inScams

The house that’s not even for rent scam

Reddit user “Independent-Ad1732” posted that she found her own house listed for rent on Craigslist—but it’s neither for rent nor for sale! 

Meanwhile, Tracey Hawkins, a real estate safety expert and former realtor, says it’s important to discuss generative AI’s role in rental scams. “Criminals are using AI tools like ChatGPT, CoPilot, Gemini, and Midjourney to create deep fakes of properties,” Hawkins, who hosts the award-winning real estate safety podcast, “Drive With NAR: The Safety Series,” says. “Criminals can create images of properties from whole cloth and create listings on Craigslist and even platforms like AirBnB to advertise them. They don’t have to hijack real property photos and listings anymore—it’s quite frightening if people don’t know to question not only the listing description but also the images!”

Red flags, according to the FTC:

• The fraudulent advertisements may feature unusually low rents or exceptional amenities.
• When you request a viewing, the scammer might claim to be abroad or provide another excuse for not showing the property, often pressuring you to make a quick decision.
• The scammer may instruct you to send money via wire transfer, gift card, or cryptocurrency for the application fee, deposit, or first month’s rent.

“Free” house scams

In the ‘free’ house scam, the scammer offers a “free” house or claims the property is available for a low fee due to some hardship they’re facing. They’ll request a negligible processing or administrative fee. In reality, the house doesn’t exist or belongs to someone else. 

Hawkins says this scam isn’t as common as the others, but it does still exist. “Consumers are skeptical of getting something, especially a home or apartment, for free,” she says. “Giving away something of value doesn’t ring true if property owners are facing hardship. So, any offer should be made cautiously, especially if asked to pay upfront. The so-called owner will disappear once they get the money.”

Red Flags:

• Landlord is offering a “free” house for a minimal fee.
• There is no way to verify the property belongs to the advertiser.
• The advertiser is pressuring you to act quickly without proper documentation.

Learn more about free and affordable housing from trusted sources in this post.

The “rent to own” scam

Lance Guanella, Lead Housing Counselor at Southwest Improvement Council, says this is one of the most common scams he sees. A rent-to-own agreement is a unique property arrangement where the current homeowner commits to selling you their property at a predetermined price in the future. Under this agreement, a portion of your monthly rent payments is applied towards your eventual down payment on the house.

Rent-t0-own allows you to gradually build equity in the home while renting, potentially making homeownership more accessible. But the FTC warns, “these deals can be risky — and even flat-out scams.” 

Interested in owning? See what mortgage you qualify for.

Also, learn more about legitimate first-time homebuyer grants and tips for buying a house as a single mom.

The report “Rent-to-Own the American Dream: The Promises and Perils of Alternative Home Financing,” explains that predatory rent-to-own deals often  target vulnerable populations, particularly low-income communities and communities of color. The report, published by TechEquity Collaborative, states that these unfair deals exploit the dream of homeownership to lure people into unfair agreements.⁴

The FTC outlines these common complaints and issues with a bad rent-to-own situation:⁵ 

• The “seller” doesn’t really own the property
• The owner hasn’t paid property taxes
• The house is in terrible shape, or has issues like lead or asbestos
• Promised fixes aren’t made after a contract is signed
• The house is getting foreclosed on

“If someone is considering a rent to own option, it’s best to have a real estate attorney review the contract before signing,” Guanella advises. He explains that the attorney will make sure that legal ownership of the property would be transferred to you at the conclusion of the rent to own agreement, and that the agreed upon monthly rent amount that would go towards a down payment goes into a type of escrow account. 

Red flags, per the TechEquity Collaborative report:

• Misleading marketing: Deceptive advertisements promising easy homeownership without credit checks or explaining risks.
• Unfair contract terms: Complex contracts with hidden clauses that favor the seller and increase the risk of buyer default.
• Financial traps: Excessive upfront fees, inflated purchase prices, or above-market rent payments.
• Lack of transparency: Unclear explanations of payment applications and vague property maintenance responsibilities.
• Legal ambiguities: Contracts that fail to establish clear buyer rights or use alternative financing methods with limited regulation.
• Property condition issues: Undisclosed poor property conditions or unfair shifting of repair responsibilities to the buyer.
• Eviction risks: Terms that facilitate easy eviction, potentially resulting in the loss of all invested money.
• Limited buyer protections: Absence of standard homebuyer safeguards, including professional inspections and appraisals.

Section 8 and low-income housing scams

Scammers target individuals seeking affordable housing, such as Section 8 assistance. They pretend to offer low-income housing or claim to have access to a Section 8 voucher for a fee. They promise to help you bypass government procedures for a price, but there’s no follow-up after payment.

Hawkins says this kind of scam may be underreported, given “the long waiting list for Section 8 properties in many places, and the limited financial resources of those often with children who need to rent.”

The solution? “To raise awareness of how the programs work,” says Hawkins. “All applicants should know to contact the Section 8 and housing departments directly, and understand that the governmental programs don’t typically contract with private businesses to charge a fee to apply for these services.” 

Another important thing to keep in mind: the Section 8 voucher program is often targeted by scammers who create deceptive websites that appear legitimate, complete with official-sounding names and logos, per the FTC.⁶ These fraudulent sites typically request fees and personal information but provide no actual services, potentially leading to financial loss and identity theft.

In reality, the authentic Section 8 program is administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) through local housing authorities. To legitimately apply for a Section 8 voucher, individuals should directly contact their local housing authority to inquire about joining the waiting list lottery in their area, which is always free of charge.

Red Flags:

• Demands for upfront fees to “help” you qualify for Section 8 housing. 
• Fees to be “added to a waitlist.” The National Low Income Housing Coalition states: “State and local housing authorities do not charge fees to be added to a waitlist, so a red flag is evident when a social media post seeks payment through reloadable debit cards, gift cards, wire transfers, or cryptocurrency.”⁷
• Promises of bypassing government procedures for a price.
• Listings for rental properties that don’t actually exist. 
• Requests for personal information, especially Social Security numbers, before providing services.
• Any request to wire money or pay with a prepaid card for Section 8-related services.⁸

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Sublet scams

A scammer pretends to be the current tenant and offers to sublease a property they don’t own. After taking your money, they either disappear or continue subleasing the exact property to multiple victims. 

Reddit user “doublemerde” wanted to sublet an apt in Columbus, Ohio and found a good deal on Craigslist. After sending the payment, the landlord claimed it hadn’t gone through. Concerned, the renter decided to do some research on the house.

“I found the listing agent for the house (it was for sale, a red flag) who stated this person was not on any kind of lease. I also did an online search and contacted the ‘leasee’ via Been Verified. The real person then told me that their identity has been used in at least a dozen scams on Craigslist for sublets,” they write.

Craigslist Sublet Scam
byu/doublemerde inScams

To avoid this scam, ask for proof that they own or rent the property (such as a lease agreement) and insist on meeting them in person before sending any money. 

Helene Raynaud, Money Management International’s Senior Vice President of Housing Initiatives​​​​, advises renters to always check the property in person. 

“If you can’t, find a friend or contact a local real estate agent who might agree to check the place out for you,” she says.

Red flags:

• Someone claiming to sublease a property without proper documentation.
• The advertiser is unwilling to meet you or provide proof of tenancy.

Rental application scams

The advertiser will ask for a rental application fee or security deposit before you sign a lease or even see the property. They often vanish after receiving the payment, leaving you out of money. 

Real estate expert Melissa Spittel says that legitimate rentals require you to pay an application fee and/or credit check fee upfront. After you’re approved and ready to sign the lease, you’ll need to provide a security deposit (typically equivalent to one month’s rent) along with the first month’s rent. 

She cautions that if a landlord asks you to pay anything other than an application fee and a credit check fee before even seeing the place or signing the lease, it’s most likely a scam, and you should be highly suspicious.

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Roommate is scamming people
byu/SnooDingos5807 inScams

Red flags:

• Requests for application fees before showing the property.
• No formal lease agreement is provided after the application.
• Payment methods are non-traceable.

Roommate scams

The roommate scam mainly targets the person with the apartment looking for a roommate on Craigslist. The scammer will reply to your ad and show interest in renting the room immediately. They’ll then ask you for your personal details, such as full name, email, and exact physical location. Next, the scammer will send you a money order or check for an amount much higher than the rent/deposit and instruct you to cash the check and send them back the extra money they sent by “mistake.” A few days later, the check will bounce, and you will be out of whatever amount you sent them.

Craigslist Roommate Scam
byu/Eshlau inScams

Red Flags:

• The potential roommate seems overly eager or too trusting.
• Refusal to provide personal identification or references.
• Wants to send payment before meeting in person or seeing the room.

Short-term rental scams

Scammers post listings for short-term vacation rentals on Craigslist, often in prime locations. The rental prices will be much lower than other properties in the same area. The ‘owner’ will insist the rental is in high demand and pressure you to pay a deposit to book the property. Once you send payment, the scammer disappears.

Red Flags:

• Last-minute availability for a prime location.
• The rental price is significantly lower than similar listings.
• The host refuses to meet or provide a way to verify the property.

How to spot a scammer on Craigslist

Ultimately, the best advice is to trust your gut, says Hawkins.”If something feels wrong or off, believe the feeling, and don’t talk yourself out of it, no matter how much you want the house or apartment.” 

While Craigslist scammers are getting smarter, you can spot and outsmart them—look out for these red flags.

1. Prices are too good to be true

Found your dream rental at half the market rate? Sorry to kill your enthusiasm, but a property priced well below the going market rate in your area is an immediate red flag. “If it sounds too good to be true. It is. Full stop,” says Hawkins. 

Is this a scam? It looks on the border of “too good to be true”. I’m looking for an apartment on Craigslist and the rent is good (not unbelievably good) but with the asking to add my info to some website, it makes me question… The link takes me to TransUnion (that’s what it says it is)
byu/mustard138 inScams

2. Requests for money upfront 

“Asking for upfront application fees or a security deposit and rent without the opportunity to see the property,” are major red flags, says Guanella. “The prospector renter should never send money without meeting the landlord or property manager in person.” In Denver, he notes, landlords must be licensed to help reduce the risk of working with a scammer.

‘Licensed’ Property manager from Craigslist wants us to pay security deposit and 1st months rent before even seeing the property.
byu/mhmc20 inScams

3. Typos, poor grammar, and excessive punctuation in listings

Typos, grammar mistakes, and poor punctuation that doesn’t make sense are good signs you’re dealing with a scammer on Craigslist. You may also notice inconsistent details, such as mentioning a city in a completely different location than the advertised listing. Or, the name of the landlord could keep changing as you interact. Serious homeowners will take the time to craft a decent listing and proofread it.

4.  High pressure

Scammers often create a false sense of urgency to push you into making a decision. If an advertiser pressures you to pay a fee for an application or submit personal information before viewing the property on offer, you should raise an eyebrow and be cautious. 

5. Photos appear in other listings

Kevin advises renters to always run a Google reverse image search on a few of the photos to see if the rental’s photos are showing up elsewhere under different listings. This is because scammers often steal photos from a current or recent home for sale and run the same photo on hundreds of other sites worldwide. 

6. Lister won’t schedule a showing

A good landlord will not give you the runaround when you ask to see the listing. A scammer, however, will come up with an excuse not to meet you in person, like being abroad for work or serving in the military. To stay safe, always make sure you meet the landlord in person or request a virtual tour of the property so you know that the property exists.

7. There is no tenant screening process

A legitimate landlord or property manager will have a tenant screening process in place to ensure the safety and security of their property. If you encounter a situation with no tenant screening process, it could be a red flag for a potential scam.

8.  Lister refuses to answer basic questions or speak on the phone

Any legitimate advertiser will gladly answer any questions you may have regarding the listing. If they keep avoiding your questions, then you’re likely dealing with a scammer. “Typically, scammers only want to communicate via text messages or WhatsApp,” says Hawkins. 

9.  The credit check is “free”

Honest landlords typically require a background check, employment verification, and a credit check. However, this verification process should never be free. So if the ad says “free credit check,” there’s a high likelihood it’s a scam.

Helene notes that some landlords have legitimate properties available in areas with significant demand from individuals who might not have good credit or no credit history, such as in communities with large populations of new immigrants. Waiving this requirement can help expedite the application process, allowing tenants to move in faster. (She points out that in return, some of these properties might require higher deposits or rent amounts.) However, this is still something to be aware of as a potential sign of a dishonest listing. 

“Proceed with caution, though, as it can also be a red flag for a scam,” she says.

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10.  You can’t verify the lister’s identity 

Before you proceed with a listing, do a Google search using the phone number on the ad. Helene says this might give you some insights as to whether the ad/person is legitimate by revealing reviews or showing other listings. Check to see if the landlord’s name matches those on other listings. If it doesn’t, the “landlord” might be copying a legitimate listing.

Additionally, you can search for their name, email, or business name and see if you can find them on social media platforms such as LinkedIn and Facebook.

11.  Requests for unsecured payment methods

Asking for the money to be wired or sent via a gift card is a no-go, says Guanella. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) strongly cautions renters to never pay with cash, wire transfers, cards, or cryptocurrency. If anyone tells you to pay that way, it’s a scam.  Wiring money, sending gift cards, or paying by cryptocurrency is the same as sending cash—once you send it, you probably can’t get it back. Anyone who demands that you pay those ways is a scammer.

Legitimate landlords use traceable methods like bank transfers or rental-specific payment platforms.  

Scammed by a Craigslist rental ad? What to do

If you suspect that you’re dealing with a scammer or you’ve actually been scammed on Craigslist, here’s what you should do.

• Flag the listing on Craigslist: To report a posting, use the “flag” button above the listing title.
• Alert the Craigslist community: Share your experience and evidence, such as screenshots of the ad and emails on forums or community boards, to warn others about the scam.
• Contact local authorities: If you have lost money to a scammer, you can file a report with your local police department.
• Notify the FTC and IC3: You can also report the scam to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) at reportfraud.ftc.gov and the Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IC3).
• Monitor your accounts: If you provided personal information or financial details to a scammer, monitor your accounts for suspicious activity and even place a fraud alert on your credit report.

Alternatives to Craigslist for affordable housing

While Craigslist can sometimes have legitimate listings, it is no longer the only one-stop interface it used to be, and there are many alternatives.

“When dealing with a significant financial investment/commitment, we highly recommend that consumers use other, more secure and safer, platforms. Well-established rental platforms such as Apartments.com and Zillow are solid alternatives and offer more robust services—including an application portal, screening of applications, rent payment portals, etc.,” says Helene.

Let’s take a look at these and other alternatives to Craigslist.

Working with a housing counselor

If you have low income or bad credit and are unsure where to start, find a housing counselor who can advise on buying a home, renting, defaults, forbearances, foreclosures, and credit issues. Check the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for a list of approved housing counselors who offer you independent advice at little or no cost. 

National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC)

NLIHC is a non-profit housing organization advocating for affordable housing. Take advantage of various tools on the site to help you find affordable homes and rental assistance programs.

Apartments.com

Apartments.com is a popular rental platform featuring millions of verified apartment listings across the U.S. The site allows users to filter options based on location, price, and amenities to help them find a place that fits their budget and needs.

Zillow

Zillow is another reliable online real estate that lets renters search multiple listings in their desired city. It will narrow results by price, lot size, number of rooms, and other settings. The site also offers valuable tools and tips for rental house hunting.

The bottom line: are Craigslist apartments legit?

Yes, Craigslist apartments can be legitimate. However, before you send any money, make sure you verify property details, meet landlords in person, view the property, and sign a lease.

Follow these steps to protect yourself from scams on Craigslist and find legitimate, affordable housing options!

SOURCES

1. “Federal Bureau of Investigation Internet Crime Report 2023,” Department Of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
   https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2023_IC3Report.pdf
2. “Rental Scams On Craigslist and 9 Ways to Spot One,” Kevin Vitali.
   https://merrimackvalleymarealestate.com/spot-rental-scams-on-craigslist/
3. “Rental Listing Scams,” Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice.
   https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/rental-listing-scams
4. “Rent to Own the American Dream: The Promises and Perils of Alternative Home Financing,” Techequity Collaborative.
   https://techequity.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Rent-to-Own-the-American-Dream.pdf
5. “What you need to know about rent-to-own home deals,” Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice.
   https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2016/11/what-you-need-know-about-rent-own-home-deals
6. “Section 8 scammers cheat people seeking housing,” Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice.
   https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2015/06/section-8-scammers-cheat-people-seeking-housing
7. “State Housing Agencies Warn of Social Media Scam Involving HCV Waitlist Openings,” National Low Income Housing Coalition.
   https://nlihc.org/resource/state-housing-agencies-warn-social-media-scam-involving-hcv-waitlist-openings
8. “Section 8 scammers cheat people seeking housing,” Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice.
   https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2015/06/section-8-scammers-cheat-people-seeking-housing

Private investigators are in demand and pay a starting rate of about $40,000 per year — and up to $250 for specialists. Female investigators are especially in short supply. Degrees are not required.

Here’s a closer look at what exactly a private investigator does, the skills you need to become one, and what path to take if you’re interested in a career move as a private investigator. 

What does a private investigator do?

How much does a private investigator make?

What skills do you need to become a private investigator? 

How do you become a private investigator?

Does a private investigator need a license?

Find out the private investigator requirements in your state

Consider certification

Consider enrolling in weapons and self-defense training

Pass state exam and background check

Where to get experience as a private investigator intern

Bottom line: companies need more women investigators

How to become a private investigator FAQs

1. How long does it take to become a private investigator?
2. What are the types of private investigators?
3. What are good backgrounds for private investigators?

Amanda Appi’s advice for aspiring private investigators

Only about a quarter of private investigators in the U.S. are women, and experts like Richard Ring, a former special operations and intelligence and CEO and president of private investigation firm F3 Intelligence Corp, say there’s a great need to see that figure go up. Why? In many ways, he says, women can have the upper hand when it comes to investigations.

“Since most PIs are men, women often seem less suspicious and it’s generally much easier for female investigators to get the person they’re investigating to open up to them,” Ring says. “In my experiences, female investigators are often better received in negotiations in business meetings in the corporate world. While it’s a heavily male dominated field, if there’s a female that’s good at what she does, she can really kill it.”

Amanda Appi, a combat veteran turned private investigator in South Carolina, emphasizes the importance of hands-on experience and adaptability in the field of private investigation. “It’s really an art form because there’s a lot of moving parts in these investigations,” she notes, highlighting the need for quick thinking and good instincts in this career. Her journey from the military to business school to private investigation showcases the diverse paths that can lead to success in this field.

What does a private investigator do?

A private investigator is someone who is hired by an individual or company to provide investigative services and uncover information that can’t be easily attained. 

Also known as private detectives or private eyes, these individuals can work for all types of clients and companies. Below are some of the main types, and examples of the kinds of work a PI might be hired or contracted to do for each: 

• Law firms: Anything from locating and interviewing witnesses, conducting background checks, gathering evidence for civil or criminal cases, and more
• Corporations: Investigating employee theft or fraud, conducting due diligence on potential business partners, performing corporate security audits, etc.
• Insurance companies: Investigating potentially fraudulent claims, conducting surveillance on workers’ compensation claimants, assisting with arson investigations, etc.
• Law enforcement: Assisting with cold cases, conducting surveillance on suspects, locating persons of interest, and more
• Individuals: Investigating potential infidelity in relationships, locating missing persons, conducting background checks on potential romantic partners, among others 

Appi, who hosts a podcast called Investigator’s Round Table, notes that the work can vary significantly depending on your niche. “There are other PIs whose niche is in criminal defense, or personal injury type stuff,  like insurance fraud, stuff like that,” she explains. But at her company, Immaculate Investigations, LLC, she says the “main bread and butter is really that domestic stuff.”

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How much does a private investigator make?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics the median annual wage for private detectives and investigators was $59,380 in May 2021. However, pay can vary significantly depending on specialty. Noting that it really varies depending on your location and niche, Appi provides some insight into starting salaries: “I would say probably for somebody that’s just starting out, you’re probably going to be in the $30K to $40K range as an employee.” 

“General investigators usually charge between $20 and $35 an hour,” Ring says. “But for people who specialize in things like cryptocurrency forensics, baseline salary is generally between $125 to $250 an hour.”

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What skills do you need to become a private investigator? 

Appi emphasizes the importance of adaptability and communication skills. “It’s really an art form because there’s a lot of moving parts in these investigations,” she says. “There’s a lot of on-your-feet thinking. You have to have good instincts; you have to be able to talk to people.” 

Depending on the field of private investigation you’re interested in, the specific skills you’ll need may vary. For example, if you’re looking to get into cyber crime, you’ll need experience in digital forensics, while a PI investigating fraud needs thorough knowledge in criminal and civil law. 

However, generally speaking, there are certain skills and traits that all private investigators need to be successful, says Richard Ring, a former special operations and intelligence and CEO and president of F3 Intelligence Corp, a private investigation firm based in Orlando, Florida. These include:

• Having an analytical mind
• Curiosity
• Being methodical and detail-oriented
• Good verbal and written communication skills 
• Patience
• Persistence and an unrelenting nature

“Basically, you’ll want to be like a bloodhound on a trail,” Ring says. “You’ll stay up for five days straight before you’ll go to sleep if you haven’t solved a case. That’s the type of personality good private investigators have. They’re very relentless.”

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How do you become a private investigator?

If you’re interested in making a career change to become a private investigator, there are a number of ways to get started. Different states have different requirements and processes so you’ll need to become familiar with the rules where you live. 

“Definitely work under somebody. Get as much training as you can,” advises Appi. “It’s a diverse field, so try out everything at first. Maybe try to work for somebody that takes on a broad range of cases—that way you get the experience everywhere.”

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College degrees are not typically required.

To get started as a general private investigator, consider an internship with a local private investigation firm. This can be an easy way to quickly learn how to search for information, conduct interviews and interrogations, and edit surveillance videos. You’ll likely have access to veteran PIs and can pick their brains about working in the field.

If you have a speciality, such as fraud investigations, arson investigations, digital forensics, or corporate investigations like mergers and acquisitions, Ring recommends looking for internships at hedge firms, corporations, or financial institutions. You might also consider law firms, insurance companies, security firms, identity protection services, and retail businesses.

Does a private investigator need a license?

Most states require professional private investigators to be licensed. Usually, a dedicated PI licensing board operates under an umbrella licensing body run by the state. This board oversees and regulates licenses for PIs. For example, Colorado licenses private investigators through the Office of Private Investigator Licensure, which is under the Department of Regulatory Agencies. Tennessee PIs receive their license from the Private Investigative and Polygraph Commission, within the Department of Commerce and Insurance. In other states like New Jersey, the regulation and licensing of PIs is the responsibility of the state police. 

Currently, all but five states require PI licenses at the state level. The states without this requirement includes:

• Alaska
• Mississippi
• Idaho
• South Dakota
• Wyoming

Still, Wyoming and Alaska have licensing requirements at the local level. The remaining three states have professional associations dedicated to upholding codes of ethics for private investigators. 

Find out the private investigator requirements in your state

Each state has its own set of minimum requirements to obtain licensure as a private investigator. 

Generally, these minimum requirements include:

• United States citizenship or legal residency
• A high school diploma or GED certificate
• Being at least a certain age, usually between 21 and 25
• No history of felony convictions
• No history of dishonorable discharge from the U.S. military

Check here to learn more about individual state licensing requirements for PIs.

Each state has its own education and experience requirements for PI licensing. Most states don’t require a certain degree to become a private investigator, but many professionals in the field choose to pursue a bachelor’s or associate’s degree in criminal justice or a related area.

Experience is often required to become a private investigator, though many states allow candidates to substitute education for experience. PI-related experience can include working as a claims investigator, risk manager, insurance claims specialist, director of security, or law enforcement officer.  

Appi stresses the value of practical experience over formal education. “Any way you can get hands-on experience, even if it’s just interning somewhere, is going to be your best bet,” she says. “It is such a unique field.”

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Consider certification

While certification is not a requirement to work as a private investigator, it can provide you with independent confirmation of your skills and also offer a resume boost. 

One option is the Certified Legal Investigator (CLI) certification from the National Association of Legal Investigators (NALI). To become a CLI, applicants must meet a number of requirements, including passing a written and oral exam and completing five years of professional experience, although one year of work experience can be substituted with completion of 60 semester hours or 90 quarter hours of course work at an accredited college or university.

ASIS International offers the Professional Certified Investigator (PCI) certification, which validates your knowledge and specialized skills in security investigations, including the effective use of surveillance, interviews, and interrogations. Earning a PCI certificate requires three to five years of investigations experience, as well as passing the PCI exam.

Consider enrolling in weapons and self-defense training

While weapons training might seem necessary,  Appi notes that it’s not always required, depending, again, on the type of work you’re doing. “I’ve never pulled a weapon on anyone or anything like that,” she says. “I mean, there is a danger factor of obviously getting caught, but a lot of times you’ll be in your car and it’s better to just drive away at that point.”

Some states allow PIs to carry firearms. In these states, candidates must pass mandatory firearms training to obtain certification. Firearm training can be done through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Rifle Association, or an accredited police standards and training council firearms instructor school.

Pass state exam and background check

To become a licensed private investigator, some states require candidates to take and pass a state exam. These exams typically cover rules and regulations for working as a PI or running a private investigative business.

Additionally, you’ll need to pass a background check and submit a full set of fingerprints to obtain a PI license. Most states also require proof of a surety bond (similar to insurance) of no less than $10,000. You’ll need to submit all your documentation, along with necessary fees to your state’s licensing board.

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Bottom line: Companies need more women investigators

Appi emphasizes the unique advantages women bring to private investigation, particularly in family court cases. She notes that female investigators, especially those who are mothers, often have a keen eye for details that others might miss in child custody situations. This intuition can be invaluable when assessing child safety and well-being.

Appi also highlights the emotional intelligence that women often bring to the job. Many clients seek out private investigators during difficult times in their lives, and a nurturing, empathetic approach can be particularly effective. This communication style not only puts clients at ease but also encourages them to share more information, ultimately benefiting the investigation process

For those considering this career path, Appi offers this final advice: “I would say try it. That dream is in your heart for a reason and you don’t know until you try it. If you’re not ready to give up your full-time job or something like that, then just intern somewhere, or contact PIs in the area—maybe they’ll talk to you.”

How to become a private investigator FAQs

1. How long does it take to become a private investigator?

The length of time it takes to become a private investigator in the U.S. will vary from state to state, as each state has different education and experience requirements. For example, some states, like New Hampshire, require four years of experience in investigations for licensure, but two of those years may be substituted with education for candidates who have an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in criminal justice.

2. What are the types of private investigators?

Private investigators are hired for a number of reasons and there are a wide variety of specialities in the field. Some of the most common types of PIs include:

• Accident investigation
• Arson / fire investigation
• Asset search
• Background checks
• Bounty hunter
• Cell phone records
• Cyber crime
• Crime scene
• Corporate
• General investigators, whose services can include marital infidelity, child support / custody, missing persons, and debt collecting
• Electronic / video surveillance
• Fraud
• Identity theft
• Mystery shopper
• Protection of celebrities or executives
• Repossessions
• Social media
• Workers compensation
• Wrongful death

3. What are good backgrounds for private investigators?

Private investigators come from a number of different backgrounds including:

• Law
• Criminal justice
• Law enforcement
• Military
• Information technology (IT)
• Business and marketing
• Sales

According to Ring, having a science or healthcare background also lends itself to a career in private investigating. 

“People with medical or science degrees are very analytical and driven,” he says. “They know how to conduct research and how to use the scientific method, which is similar to the intelligence cycle. So I think people that are in healthcare, healthcare adjacent career fields or science career fields, make excellent detectives.”

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He also notes that the methodical nature of working in accounting or finance makes these fields excellent backgrounds for private investigators. 

Amanda Appi’s advice for aspiring private investigators:

1. Gain hands-on experience by working under an experienced investigator. She recommends trying to work for someone who takes on a broad range of cases to get diverse experience.
2. Focus on becoming a skilled field investigator and technician first, developing abilities in surveillance and other practical aspects of the job.
3. Be prepared to think on your feet and develop good instincts. Appi emphasizes that private investigation is “an art form” requiring creativity and adaptability.
4. Develop strong communication and people skills. Appi notes that the ability to talk to people and “sell yourself” to get information is often more valuable than law enforcement experience. (She says this is why people with a sales background can do really well in this field!)
5. Consider studying business rather than criminal justice if pursuing formal education. Appi suggests a business degree may be more useful, especially if you plan to start your own agency.
6. Be prepared for a challenging field. Appi warns that the industry can be “brutal” and “not for the faint of heart,” requiring thick skin and courage.
7. If unsure if this is the right field for you, try interning or contacting local PIs to learn more about the profession before fully committing.
8. Have realistic expectations about the work, understanding that much of it involves long periods of waiting and observation rather than constant action.

SOURCE

1. “Private Investigator Demographics and Statistics in the United States,” Zippia. Accessed Nov. 22, 2024
   https://www.zippia.com/private-investigator-jobs/demographics/

If you’re in the market for a used car, the last thing you want to do is spend your hard-earned money on a vehicle that turns out to be a lemon.

While most states have “lemon laws” to help protect consumers who purchase defective vehicles, in many cases you must have an active warranty or service contract¹ for the law to provide protection. 

It’s great that these laws are there  if we need them, but it’s ideal to not buy a lemon in the first place! Here is what experts want you to know to protect your pocket and sanity:

What is a “lemon law”?

10 things to do before you buy a used car

1. Know your rights
2. Look for a vehicle that can handle high mileage
3. Don’t come into the test drive blind
4. Check the car’s title
5. Get a free vehicle history report
6. Check for recalls
7. Make sure the car hasn’t been declared as “salvage”
8. Inspect the car yourself
9. Get an independent mechanic’s inspection
10. Do a gut check

Should you consider a certified pre-owned vehicle?

Answers to FAQs about buying used cars

What is a “lemon law” anyway and why do we care?

Recently, these laws have p their worth for consumers around the country. In August 2024, for example, Colorado implemented a stronger lemon law, extending coverage to more vehicles and giving buyers more time to file claims. In a public advisory, Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser told his constituents, “Colorado’s lemon law, which used to be one of the worst in the country, just got a lot better for consumers. These changes aim to better protect car buyers from being stuck with defective vehicles.”  

Colorado’s beefed-up lemon law isn’t just a local win—it’s part of a bigger wave of states stepping up to protect car buyers across the country. This trend is great news for you as a consumer: it means more safeguards against lemons, tougher standards for dealers and manufacturers, and more options if you find yourself stuck with a problematic ride.

Lemon laws absolutely can provide protection for used car buyers, as demonstrated by two recent cases. In one instance, a client of Kimmel & Silverman, P.C., a law firm with offices around the United States, purchased a used BMW X-6 with 46,000 miles from CarMax, only to experience numerous engine problems between 46,000 and 50,000 miles. 

After a trial, the jury awarded the client a full repurchase totaling over $50,000, including repayment for engine repairs.² In another case, a client of California-based Lemon Law Associates who bought a “Certified Pre-owned” Honda discovered prior damage that had not been disclosed.³ The law firm successfully compelled the Honda dealer and manufacturer to buy back the client’s car under the California Consumer Legal Remedy Act. These cases highlight the importance of consumer protection laws in the used car market and show that buyers have recourse when sold vehicles with undisclosed issues.

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These anecdotes illustrate how lemon laws can protect you if you purchase a defective vehicle, even if you live in a state with more limited  protections. Most of all, they highlight the importance of understanding your rights as a consumer! Knowledge is power. And with that in mind:

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10 things to do before you buy a used car

We consulted a master mechanic and a car expert for tips on buying a used car that will last and keep you safe on the road.

1. Know your rights

The NYC Office of Consumer Protection recommends that before you get started, you read the  Used Car Consumer Bill of Rights (which, incidentally, must be provided to you before you sign a contract). 

2. Look for a vehicle that can handle high mileage

According to Carfax,⁴ you should look for a used car with mileage that adds up to 12,000 miles or less per year (i.e. 60,000 miles or less for a 5-year-old car). 

However, Jason Farrell, a certified master automotive technician based in Philadelphia and editor-in-chief of Mechanic’s Diary, a site that publishes maintenance and troubleshooting guides for common automotive problems, says some car models can withstand higher mileages and may not need a new transmission until 200,000 miles or more. 

A car search website called iSeeCars.com⁵ conducted a study of more than 260 million vehicles sold between 2012 and 2022 to determine which models had the highest chance of reaching 250,000+ miles. These are some of their findings: 

• Ford F-350 Super Duty ranked the highest, with a 49.1% chance of reaching 250,000+ miles
• 10 of the 23 longest-lasting vehicles are pickup trucks
• Toyota models took up 8 of the 23 top spots
• Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Sequoia and Honda Pilot are the longest-lasting SUVs
• Honda Accord, Toyota Avalon, and Toyota Camry were the three longest-lasting passenger cars

They found that the average vehicle has an 11.8% chance of lasting at least 250,000 miles.

“If you can, choose reputable brands like Toyota, Honda, and Subaru, which are known for their reliability and often have affordable, long-lasting models,” recommends Tomer Ruderman, Founder and Owner at Car Keys Ottawa. “Avoid cars with a salvage title, as these vehicles, while cheaper, could come with hidden damage and safety issues. Be sure to factor in not just the price of the car but also the cost of insurance, regular maintenance, and gas,” he adds.

“Read some professional reviews — especially long-term reviews — from well-regarded sources like Car and Driver, Road & Track, and Automobile,” says Reddit user verdegrrl. “It will give you an idea of what the testers liked about the car and what they disliked.” 

You can also check Consumer Reports⁶ to identify models with above-average reliability ratings. 

When you’re shopping for a quality used vehicle in Colorado, having access to more options can make the process easier and help you find a car that fits your needs. For those located in the Denver area, there are resources available to help you discover affordable pre-owned cars, including a wide selection of used cars, trucks, and SUVs at competitive prices.

3. Don’t come into the test drive blind 

Once you know which make and model vehicle you’d like to buy, make an appointment to test drive the car. But before you show up to the dealership, read reviews about the car, paying particular attention to any areas of concern for other people who have driven that car. 

“Start by being clear about your needs,” says Ruderman. “Do you need something reliable for commuting, or are you looking for more space for kids and cargo?” 

Ruderman says you should inspect the car thoroughly before getting behind the wheel: “Check for dents, scratches, and wear on the tires, and make sure there are no signs of leaks in the engine.” He also recommends that you “keep an eye out for visible rust, especially underneath the car, and watch for signs of engine or transmission issues like leaks or strange sounds, as these can turn into expensive problems later.”

Then, when you’re driving the car, both Ruderman and Farrell advise you to pay close attention to how the car feels and sounds. “Any strange noises from the engine, transmission, or brakes could indicate underlying problems,” says Ruderman. “Test out all the features, like the AC, heater, windows, and electronics, to ensure everything works properly.”

“When you’re driving the car, listen to the engine, test the brakes, check for smooth acceleration, tight turns, and whether the car pulls to one side or the other,” adds Farrell. 

Finally, one last tip from Ruderman: “I’d also recommend you bring along a friend or family member to get a second opinion during the test drive.”

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4. Check the car’s title

A car’s title establishes proof of ownership and includes identifying information about the vehicle such as make, model and VIN (vehicle identification number). Before buying a car, you can look up the car’s title at the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS) website. You can usually find the car’s VIN on a sticker inside the driver’s door. 

Checking the title can protect you from fraud, such as buying a car that has been stolen (for which you would be unable to register or get a tag) or a car that has been damaged by flooding. 

5. Get a free vehicle history report

A vehicle history report provides you with details of the car before you came along, including the number of owners, any accident history, mileage, title status, maintenance and repair reports, and whether the car has been branded a lemon. Companies like AutoCheck and CarFax provide vehicle history reports for a small fee, and auto dealers sometimes provide these reports to buyers at no charge. You may also get a free vehicle history report from NMVTIS at VehicleHistory.gov.

“As you go through the report, keep an eye out for any accidents,” says Ruderman. “A minor fender bender isn’t usually a dealbreaker, but it’s best to stay away from cars that have been in serious crashes or had structural damage. Also, check for regular maintenance records, like oil changes, which can be a good sign that the car was taken care of properly.”

He recommends that you make sure the odometer readings make sense throughout the car’s history so you don’t end up with a car that’s had its mileage altered. “And definitely steer clear of cars with titles marked as salvage, rebuilt, or flood-damaged, as these can bring more trouble than they’re worth!”

6. Check for recalls

If the car you’re considering needs to be repaired as part of a manufacturing recall, you can find out by entering the VIN at the site of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  

7. Make sure the car hasn’t been declared as “salvage”

The National Insurance Crime Bureau’s website lets you enter a VIN and find out if the vehicle has been flood damaged, was stolen but un-recovered, or otherwise declared as salvage. Visit www.nicb.org/vincheck to start the search.

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8. Inspect the car yourself

To make an informed purchase, take time to carefully inspect the car. “When checking a used car, watch for wear and tear like rust, dents or paint that doesn’t match, which says it had damage before,” Farrell says. “Check the tires, brakes and suspension too. See how many miles it has and any papers on work done.” 

The NYC Office of Consumer Protection offers these tips for checking for water or flood damage:⁷ 

• Trust your sense of smell. Musty or moldy smells may be a sign of water damage. A strong air freshener or cleaning solution smell may be an attempt to cover up mildew. Run the air conditioner so you can check the vents.
• Check the carpeting and upholstery for discoloration. Differences in color, especially if they appear to be stains, may indicate water damage. Be aware of used cars with brand-new upholstery.
• Examine the exterior for water damage. Check for fogging inside headlamps or taillights and dampness inside the wheel well. Look for a water line in the engine compartment or the trunk.
• Inspect under the car. Look for rust and flaking metal.

If you test drive a car that has an error code, the dealer may reset the code—but that doesn’t always mean the problem is fixed. Reddit user ProfessionalEven296 recommends buying your own code reader from an auto parts store. “Get one which tells you if the ‘drive cycle’ is complete. When the dealer gives you these back, plug in; I bet that the drive cycle isn’t complete because they just reset the code; and you’ll have an error code before getting home.”

Finally, compare the odometer reading to the bill of sale and check the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) Buyer’s Guide and NYC Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) inspection sticker which must be posted on the car. “If the car’s miles seem way lower than what you’d expect for its age, the odometer could have been tampered with,” says Ruderman.”

9. Get an independent mechanic’s inspection

In addition to inspecting the car yourself, Farrell recommends taking it to a good mechanic “to find problems you can’t see.”

Many car shops, garages and vehicle service centers offer free car inspections. Before purchasing a used car, schedule an inspection with a local mechanic. If the seller won’t let you take the car for an inspection before purchasing, that’s a red flag and you should keep looking for another car.

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10. Do a gut check

When you really need a car and you find one you like at a great price, it can be easy to become enamored with what seems like an amazing deal and ignore any red flags. Take time to check with your common sense before committing to a car.

“If a deal sounds too good to be true, keep looking,” Farrell says. “Doing your homework protects you from getting tricked into a bad deal.”

Ruderman agrees. “A great deal might catch your eye, but if the price doesn’t match the car’s model or year, there’s a good chance something’s being hidden,” he says. “Sellers should be upfront about the car’s history, and if they’re reluctant to provide a detailed report, that’s a major warning sign. These reports give you info on past accidents, odometer readings, and any mechanical problems that could cost you down the line.” 

The NYC Office of Consumer Protection also notes that you should make sure there is a refund policy posted in the office where sales take place.

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Should you consider a certified pre-owned vehicle?

Some dealerships sell “certified” used cars, which means the car has been thoroughly inspected and the dealer is willing to offer performance guarantees, usually in the form of a lengthy warranty. 

“Certified used cars come with perks like longer warranties, thorough checks and peace of mind, but they cost more than regular used,” Farrell says. “While the price may be worth it for safety, others save money by skipping certification and taking it to a mechanic. In the end, it depends on your budget and how sure you need to be that a car is OK.”

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Answers to FAQs about buying used cars

“I bought a used car, now what?”

After you buy a car, you need insurance, registration, and a tag. Before leaving the dealership or completing the transaction, you need to make sure you get a clear title transferred to you. Next, get insurance on your new vehicle. To save money, look into affordable car insurance options that provide the coverage you need without breaking the bank. Once you have a title, you can register the vehicle and get a license tag. You’ll also have to pay any sales taxes that are due on the transaction.

My car got repossessed. Now what?

Is it illegal to sell a car and not disclose problems?

It’s generally considered unethical to sell a car without disclosing problems, but federal regulations requiring disclosure are more specific about new cars rather than used cars, according to Reiff Law Firm in Philadelphia.⁸ Because there are no strict federal regulations regarding disclosure of issues with used cars, it’s especially important to check a vehicle’s history and get a mechanic’s input before purchasing.

What if I bought from a private seller, and they lied about the car?

Your options may vary depending on the depth of the seller’s deception. For example, when Reddit user SagewiththeSauce went to register a newly purchased used car with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), they found out that the seller had sold a car with an altered title and an altered odometer. Because tampering with the odometer is a federal crime, the DMV recommended filing a police report. 

However, most private vehicle transactions are considered to be sold “as is.” That means the buyer is responsible for any problems they learn about after the sale. If you feel that a seller took advantage of you, check the laws in your state or talk to an attorney to see if you can pursue damages. 

Can I return a used car within 30 days?

If you purchase privately from an individual, any return would be at the seller’s discretion. 

If you purchase from a dealer, return policies vary and often depend on the state in which they’re located. In some states, dealers are required to give you an option to return the car and cancel your transaction, often within three days. You can check with your state attorney general’s office to find out the rules in your state. It’s a good idea to ask for the dealer’s return policy in writing before you complete a transaction. 

Someone sold me a bad car, what can I do now?

“If someone sells you a bad used car, know your rights,” Farrell says. “Acting fast is important. Depending on what happened, you may be able to get it fixed and get the repair costs or your money back.” 

Farrell recommends documenting the issues and trying first to resolve the issue with the seller. If the seller won’t help, contact a lawyer, the Better Business Bureau or the Bureau of Consumer Protection to stand up for your rights and resolve the situation.
Also, if the used car is only a few years old or has less than 100,000 miles, the problems may still be covered under the original factory warranty, suggests Reddit user CWNIV93. If you think this may apply, check with a local dealership to find out whether you can get needed repairs completed for free under the original warranty.

SOURCES

1. “Magnuson Moss Warranty-Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act,” Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/statutes/magnuson-moss-warranty-federal-trade-commission-improvements-act 

2. “Lemon Law Attorneys Recent Successes,” Kimmel & Silverman, P.C. https://www.lemonlaw.com/about/recent-successes.html

3. “Our Success Stories,” Lemon Law Associates.
   https://www.lemonlawassociates.com/our-success-stories/

4. “What Is Good Mileage for a Used Car?” by Jack Ferry for CarFax. Aug. 30, 2021. https://www.carfax.com/blog/good-mileage-for-used-car

5. “The Longest-Lasting Cars, Trucks and SUVs To Reach 250,000 Miles and Beyond,” Iseecars.com. Aug. 12, 2024.
   https://www.iseecars.com/longest-lasting-cars-study

6. “Guide to Car Reliability & Owner Satisfaction,” Consumer Reports. Oct. 24, 2024.
   https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/car-reliability-owner-satisfaction/guide-to-car-reliability-owner-satisfaction-a9213219653

7. “Beware of Buying Flood-Damaged Cars,” NYC Consumer and Worker Protection.
   https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/consumers/shopping-goods-beware-flood-damaged-cars.page

8. “Buy a Used Vehicle? The Defects Not Disclosed at Sale Can Hurt or Kill You and Your Loved Ones,” Reiff Law Firm.
   https://www.reifflawfirm.com/buy-used-vehicle-defects-not-disclosed-sale-can-hurt-kill-loved-ones/